Thomas Tuchel's side survived a testing night at the Azteca Stadium, playing more than 40 minutes with 10 men after Jarell Quansah's dismissal, before holding on through 11 minutes of stoppage time to win 3-2 and reach the quarter-finals.
It was in the aftermath of that victory, as players went over to celebrate with travelling supporters, that Henderson came unstuck. The Brentford midfielder slipped while attempting to jump back over an advertising board and landed awkwardly, immediately clutching his arm in pain.
Newcastle United defender Dan Burn was quick to alert medical staff, and Henderson was eventually taken from the pitch on a stretcher and given oxygen before being transported to hospital for assessment.
"I'm sad because Jordan injured his wrist," Tuchel said afterwards. "It's quite serious. He's in hospital. It doesn't fit with the rest of the evening. I don't know the procedure."
It has since been confirmed that the former Liverpool captain requires surgery to correct the issue, bringing his involvement in this summer's tournament to an abrupt and unfortunate end.
Henderson, 36, had made just one appearance at these finals, coming off the bench for seven minutes in England's group-stage win over Panama, and was an unused substitute against Mexico.
Under FIFA's tournament rules, players cannot be replaced mid-competition for anything other than goalkeeping injuries, meaning Tuchel's 25-man squad will be a man light as they prepare to face Norway in Miami on Saturday.
The setback strips England of a respected dressing-room figure and 90-cap international at a pivotal stage of the campaign, even as the squad's focus turns to continuing their run towards the latter stages of the tournament.
Tuchel's side will also have Quansah suspended for the Norway clash, adding to a growing list of absentees that has already included right-back Reece James, who has been managing a hamstring problem for much of the tournament.