The Slovak champions' board reached an agreement with the Ivorian for a three-year contract, marking his first experience as a head coach at senior level.
Touré, 43, succeeds Vladimír Weiss, who left the role after taking charge of the Slovakia national team for a second time. Having previously worked in Tottenham Hotspur's academy and as an assistant to Roberto Mancini with the Saudi Arabia national team, Touré now prepares to take on his first major challenge in charge of a professional club.
He will be in charge of Slovakia's most successful club, a side he watched in the Champions League against his former club Manchester City last season.
"I'm very happy and excited. I'm really looking forward to starting work with you on Monday. I'm grateful for this opportunity at such a high-level club, which I recently saw play a Champions League match against Manchester City."
Touré described his ambitions for how Slovan should play under his leadership, pointing to the quality of the club's facilities as a factor in his decision.
He left his role with the Saudi Arabia national team setup, where he worked alongside Mancini, in order to take up the Bratislava post just before the World Cup gets under way. Slovan's leadership praised his impression during the recruitment process, with chief executive Ivan Kmotrík Jr. describing a strong early connection during their discussions.
Touré's appointment makes him the first coach of African descent to lead the club, and gives the four-time African Player of the Year his first opportunity to build a project from the ground up after years assisting other coaches across Ukraine, Russia, Belgium and the Middle East.
Slovan begin pre-season preparations on Monday, when Touré officially takes charge of his squad for the first time.