The changes follow a review led by technical director Nick Cox and supported by academy director Dean Rastrick and academy consultant Neil Dewsnip, all of whom have joined the Blues over the past year.
Taylor, who played in the Premier League for Portsmouth, West Ham United and Bolton Wanderers, becomes the club's new Under-18s head coach, having previously helped develop the likes of Troy Parrott while in charge of Tottenham Hotspur's Under-18s. The 44-year-old, who has also managed Walsall and Shrewsbury Town, will be assisted by former Everton academy player Tom Kearney.
Curtis, meanwhile, takes on the roles of professional development phase senior coach and head of training, arriving from Manchester United where he most recently held roles including head of player development for the Under-13s and Under-16s.
The 52-year-old, who made more than 500 appearances as a player including lengthy spells at Chesterfield and Mansfield Town, will assist Dave Hughes, who was announced as the new head of academy player development earlier in the week and will also oversee the Under-21s following Paul Tait's departure.
Cox said: "We are confident these appointments will help us create an excellent learning environment that is supportive and challenging for both our U21s and U18s players, as we look to strengthen that pathway into our men's team.
"Having worked closely with Dean and Neil, who has provided invaluable expertise as part of the process, I am in no doubt that the new roles and structure can fulfil our wider ambitions across the academy."
Other changes include Ben Dickson's promotion to head of academy recruitment and Carl Darlington's appointment as head of academy coach development, while ex-Everton striker Nick Chadwick has moved into a role supporting the Under-21s following his return to the club last season.
Goalkeeping coaching across the academy will be led by Alan Fettis as part of the wider restructure.