The announcement, made at the FFF headquarters in Paris and simultaneously broadcast on TF1, marks the final squad selection of Deschamps' tenure. The 57-year-old confirmed earlier this year that he will stand down after the tournament.
On Real Madrid midfielder Camavinga, 23, who featured in France's run to the final in Qatar in 2022, Deschamps was direct.
"He is coming out of a difficult season, in which he played less due to injuries. He is still young. I have decisions to make, a squad structure to manage. But I can imagine his disappointment tonight."
On the broader selection philosophy.
"It is a group. Not necessarily the best 26. It is a balanced assembly. Some players will not play, others little. The goal is not to lose anyone. Human qualities are needed for a tournament like this."
N'Golo Kanté, 35, who plays for Fenerbahçe in Turkey, was selected ahead of Camavinga, a choice that drew immediate debate. Deschamps defended it without hesitation.
"The sporting criteria is always important. In Saudi Arabia he was still very good, and it remains the case in Turkey. With his experience. He wakes up with a smile, at midday too, at night too. He is radiant. Everything goes well for him all the time."
Crystal Palace centre-back Maxence Lacroix earned a place in the defensive group, while Rayan Cherki was included after a standout Premier League season with Manchester City. Randal Kolo Muani was another high-profile omission, his single Premier League goal in 25 loan appearances at Tottenham Hotspur having made the decision straightforward.
France are in Group I and open against Senegal on 16 June at MetLife Stadium, before facing Iraq in Philadelphia on 22 June and Norway in Boston on 26 June. Their full squad: Maignan, Samba, Risser; Digne, Gusto, Lucas Hernåndez, Theo Hernåndez, Konaté, Koundé, Lacroix, Saliba, Upamecano; Kanté, Koné, Rabiot, Tchouaméni, Zaïre-Emery; Akliouche, Barcola, Cherki, Dembélé, Doué, Mateta, Mbappé, Olise, Thuram.
On his own next steps, Deschamps allowed himself to speculate.
"I have the privilege of being able to choose in the future. Managing another national team? I do not forbid myself anything. Another club? I do not forbid myself anything. These form part of the options that may present themselves."
Zidane is widely expected to succeed him, though no announcement has been made.